This half 2 of the Secret Historical past of Polaroid and Edwin Land. Learn half 1 for context.

Kodak and Polaroid, the 2 most well-known digicam corporations of the 20^th century, had an amazing partnership for 20+ years. Then in an inexplicable turnabout Kodak determined to destroy Polaroid’s enterprise. To this present day, each story of why Kodak went to battle with Polaroid is mistaken.

The true purpose might be discovered within the extremely categorised world of overhead reconnaissance satellites.

Right here’s the true story.

In April 1969 Kodak tore up a 20-year manufacturing partnership with Polaroid. In a shock to everybody at Polaroid, Kodak declared battle. They terminated their settlement to produce Polaroid with damaging movie for Polacolor – the one coloration movie Polaroid had available on the market. Kodak gave Polaroid two years’ discover however instantly raised the movie value 10% within the U.S. and 50% internationally. And Kodak publicly introduced they have been going to make movie for Polaroid’s cameras – a knife to the center for Polaroid as movie gross sales have been what made Polaroid worthwhile. Shortly thereafter, Kodak introduced they have been additionally going to make immediate cameras in direct competitors with Polaroid cameras. Briefly, they have been going after each a part of Polaroid’s enterprise.

What occurred in April 1969 they prompted Kodak to react this fashion?

And what was the consequence?

Learn the sidebar for a Background on Movie and Prompt Pictures

A Secret Grudge Match

To know why Kodak tried to place Polaroid out of enterprise you want to know a few of most categorised secrets and techniques of the Chilly Struggle.

Venture GENETRIX and The U-2 – Balloon and Airplane Reconnaissance over the Soviet Union
Through the Chilly Struggle with the Soviet Union the U.S. intelligence group was determined for intelligence. Within the early Fifties the U.S. despatched unmanned reconnaissance balloons over the Soviet Union.

Subsequent, from 1956-1960 the CIA flew the Lockheed U-2 spy aircraft over the Soviet Union on 24 missions, taking pictures of its navy installations. (The U-2 program was kicked off by a 1954 memo from Edwin Land (Polaroid CEO) to the director of the CIA.)

The U-2 cameras used Kodak movie, processed in a secret Kodak lab codenamed Bridgehead.  In Could 1960 a U-2 was shot down inside Soviet territory and the U.S. stopped plane overflights of the Soviet Union. However fortunately in 1956 the U.S. intelligence group had concluded that the way forward for gathering intelligence over the Soviet Union could be with spy satellites orbiting in area.

Air Pressure – SAMOS –  1^st Era Photograph Reconnaissance Satellites
By the late Fifties the Division of Protection determined that the way forward for picture reconnaissance satellites could be through an Air Pressure program codenamed SAMOS.

The primary SAMOS satellites would have a digicam that may take footage and develop them whereas orbiting earth utilizing particular Kodak Bimat movie, then scan the damaging and transmit the picture to a floor station. After a number of rocket failures and realization that the decision and variety of pictures the satellite tv for pc might downlink could be woefully insufficient for the kind and variety of targets (it might take 3 hours to downlink the pictures from a single go), the movie read-out SAMOS satellites have been canceled.

Sidebar– Kodak Goes to The Moon

CIA’s CORONA – 2^nd Era Photograph Reconnaissance Satellites
It was the CIA’s CORONA film-based picture reconnaissance satellites that first succeeded in returning intelligence pictures from area. Designed as a speedy low-cost hack, it was meant as a stopgap till extra succesful programs entered service. Fairchild constructed the primary few CORONA cameras, however in the end Itek turned the digicam system supplier. CORONA despatched the uncovered movie again to earth in reentry autos that have been recovered in mid-air. The movie was developed by Kodak at their secret Bridgehead lab and despatched to intelligence analysts within the CIA’s Nationwide Photographic Interpretation Middle (NPIC) who examined the movie. (Whereas orbiting 94 miles above the earth the cameras achieved 4 ½-foot decision.) CORONA was saved in service from 1960 to 1972, finishing 145 missions.

Movie restoration through reentry autos could be the usual for the following 16 years.

Sidebar – The CIA versus the Nationwide Reconnaissance Workplace (NRO)

Air Pressure/NRO – GAMBIT – 3^rd Era Movie Photograph Reconnaissance Satellites
After the failure of the SAMOS on-orbit scanning system, the newly established Nationwide Reconnaissance Workplace (NRO) regrouped and adopted movie restoration through reentry autos.

Prodded by the NRO and Air Pressure, Kodak put in an “unsolicited” proposal for a next-generation imaging satellite tv for pc codenamed GAMBIT. Kodak cameras on GAMBIT had a lot higher decision than the Itek cameras on CORONA. In orbit 80 miles up, GAMBIT had high-resolution recognizing functionality – however in a slender subject of view. This complemented the CORONA broad space imaging.  GAMBIT-1 (KH-7) produced pictures of 2-4 toes in decision. It flew for 38 missions from July 1963 to June 1967. The follow-on program,  GAMBIT-3 (KH-8), supplied even sharper pictures with decision measured in inches. GAMBiT-3 flew for 54 missions from July 1966 to August 1984. The decision of GAMBITs pictures wouldn’t be surpassed for many years.

CIA – HEXAGON – 4^th Era Movie Photograph Reconnaissance Satellites
In the meantime the CIA determined it was going to construct the following technology reconnaissance satellite tv for pc after GAMBIT. Hexagon represented one other technological leap ahead. In contrast to GAMBIT that had a slender subject of view, the CIA proposed a satellite tv for pc that would {photograph} a 300-nautical-mile-wide by 16.8-nautical-mile-long space in a single body. In contrast to GAMBIT whose cameras have been made by Kodak, HEXAGON’s cameras could be made by Perkin Elmer.

CIA Versus NRO – HEXAGON versus DORIAN
In 1969 the brand new Nixon administration was trying to lower spending and the intelligence finances was an enormous goal. There have been a number of new, very costly packages being constructed: HEXAGON, the CIA’s college bus-sized movie satellite tv for pc; and a navy area station: the NRO/Air Pressure Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) with its DORIAN KH-10 film-based digicam (made by Kodak). There was additionally a proposed high-resolution GAMBIT-follow-on satellite tv for pc known as FROG (Movie Learn Out GAMBIT) – once more with a Kodak Bimat digicam and a laser scanner.

In March 1969, President Nixon canceled the CIA’s HEXAGON satellite tv for pc program in favor of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), the Air Pressure area station with the Kodak DORIAN digicam. It regarded like Kodak had received and the CIA’s proposal misplaced.

Nevertheless, the CIA fought again.

The subsequent month, in April 1969, the Director of the CIA used the advice of CIA’s reconnaissance intelligence panel – headed by Edwin Land (Polaroid’s CEO) to get President Nixon to reverse his determination. Land’s panel argued that HEXAGON was important to monitoring arms management treaties with the Soviet Union. Land mentioned DORIAN could be ineffective as a result of astronauts on the navy area station might solely {photograph} small quantities of territory, lacking different issues that could possibly be just a few miles away. In distinction, HEXAGON lined a lot territory that there was merely no place for the Soviet Union to cover any forbidden bombers or missiles.

Land’s reconnaissance panel really useful: 1) canceling the manned a part of the NRO/Air Pressure Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) and a couple of) utilizing the DORIAN optics in a robotic system (which was in the end by no means constructed) and three) urging the President to as an alternative begin “highest precedence” growth of a “easy, long-life imaging satellite tv for pc, utilizing an array of photosensitive components to transform the picture to electrical alerts for fast transmission.” (This could change into the KH-11 KEENAN, ending the necessity for film-based cameras in area.)

The consequence was:

Over the following two years, Land lobbied in opposition to the GAMBIT follow-on known as FROG and after a contentious combat successfully killed it in 1971. However most significantly Nixon gave the go-ahead to construct the CIA’s KH-11 KEENAN digital imaging satellite tv for pc – dooming film-based satellites – and all of Kodak’s satellite tv for pc enterprise.

Why Did Kodak Go to Struggle With Polaroid?

Lastly we are able to now perceive why Kodak was livid at Polaroid. The CEO of Polaroid killed Kodak’s satellite tv for pc reconnaissance enterprise.

Kodak’s 1970 annual report mentioned, “Authorities gross sales dropped precipitously from $248 million in 1969 to $160 million in 1970, a decline of almost 36 %.” (That’s ¾’s of a billion {dollars} in at the moment’s {dollars}.)

The DORIAN digicam on the Manned Orbiting Laboratory and the very high-resolution GAMBIT FROG follow-on have been all Kodak digicam programs in-built Kodak’s Ok-Program, a extremely categorised phase of the corporate. In April 1969 when MOL/DORIAN KH-10 was canceled, Kodak laid off 1,500 folks from that division.

Kodak additionally had 1,400 folks in a particular facility that developed the movie codenamed Bridgehead. With movie gone from reconnaissance satellites, solely small quantities have been wanted for U-2 flights. One other 1,000+ folks in the end could be let go.

Louis Eilers had been Kodak president since 1967 and in 1969 turned CEO. He had been involved about Land’s advocacy of the CIA’s packages that shut out Kodak of HEXAGON. However he went ballistic when he realized of the position Edwin Land performed in killing the Manned Orbiting Lab (MOL) and the Kodak DORIAN KH-10 digicam.

Kodak’s Revenge and Final Loss
In 1963 when Polaroid launched its first coloration immediate movie — Polacolor –  Kodak manufactured Polacolor’s movie damaging. By 1969 Polaroid was paying Kodak $50 million a yr to fabricate that movie. (~$400 million in at the moment’s {dollars}.) Kodak tore up that manufacturing relationship in 1969 after the MOL/DORIAN cancelation.

Kodak then went additional. In 1969 they began two initiatives: create their very own immediate cameras to compete with Polaroid and create immediate movie for Polaroid cameras – Polaroid made their earnings on promoting movie.

In 1976 Kodak got here out with two immediate cameras — the EK-4 and EK-6 –and immediate movie that could possibly be utilized in Polaroid cameras. Polaroid instantly sued, claiming Kodak had infringed on Polaroid patents. The lawsuit went on for 9 years. Lastly, in 1985 a court docket dominated that Kodak infringed on Polaroid patents and Kodak was pressured to drag their cameras off retailer cabinets and cease making them. Six years later, in 1991, Polaroid was awarded $925 million in damages from Kodak.

Epilogue
1976 was a landmark yr for each Kodak and Polaroid. It was the start of their 15-year patent battle, nevertheless it was additionally the start of the top of movie images from area. That December the primary digital imaging satellite tv for pc, KH-11 KEENAN, went into orbit.

After Land’s pressured retirement in 1982, Polaroid by no means launched a very new product once more. Every little thing was a refinement or repackaging of what it had found out already. By the early ’90s, the alarms have been clanging away; chapter got here in 2001.

Kodak might by no means depart its roots in movie and missed being a pacesetter in digital images. It filed for chapter safety in 2012, exited legacy companies and bought off its patents earlier than re-emerging as a sharply smaller firm in 2013.

At present, descendants of the KH-11 KENNEN proceed to function in orbit.

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