Monitoring the EV battery manufacturing facility building growth throughout North America

The onshoring of battery manufacturing for EVs began as a trickle through the COVID-19 pandemic. Then it became a tsunami.

In 2019, simply two battery factories had been working in america with one other two below building. As we speak there are about 34 battery factories both deliberate, below building, or operational within the nation.

Former U.S. President Joe Biden’s Inflation Discount Act (IRA), signed into regulation August 16, 2022, won’t have been the preliminary catalyst behind the onshoring battery manufacturing facility pattern. But it surely did assist open the spigot and speed up the tempo of manufacturing facility initiatives — to not point out sparking a local weather tech arms race with the EU.  

Two and a half years later, we’re nonetheless monitoring the fallout, despite the fact that the IRA’s destiny is now unsure.

In January 2025, President Donald Trump ordered a freeze on IRA funding disbursements, however lots of these funds have already made it into producers’ fingers. That order additionally hasn’t stopped the already-moving practice of billions of personal sector {dollars} invested in clear power.

As a result of whether or not Trump desires to again clear power or not, the very fact stays that the U.S. must have extra management over its battery provide chain, reasonably than ceding management to China. That’s notably true in mild of Trump’s 10% tariffs on Chinese language imports. Automakers noticed what occurred through the chip scarcity disaster that hampered manufacturing through the Covid-19 pandemic, and they’re detest to repeat the identical errors.

What has adopted is a wave of automakers and battery makers — international and home — pledging to provide North American–made batteries earlier than 2030. (See every automaker’s plans right here and battery maker’s plans right here.)

IRA carrots and sticks

Why a lot funding into onshoring EV battery manufacturing? One purpose was as a result of the IRA is rife with incentives for automakers and customers to provide domestically — a concerted effort to finish the U.S.’s reliance on China for batteries, whereas concurrently assembly Biden’s aim to make 50% of all new car gross sales within the U.S. electrical or hybrid by 2030. And although Trump has taken a step again from the IRA, electrical automobiles can nonetheless qualify for the total $7,500 EV tax credit score in the event that they meet sure battery sourcing and manufacturing tips.

The IRA requires that 60% of the worth of battery parts be produced or assembled in North America in 2024 to qualify for half of the tax credit score, $3,750. That share will enhance to 100% beginning in 2029. To get the remaining half, 50% of the worth of vital supplies should be sourced from the U.S. or a free commerce settlement nation in 2024. That share will increase to 60%, 70% and 80% for automobiles produced in 2025, 2026 and 2027 and past, respectively. 

The IRA’s superior manufacturing credit that give the producer a payout from the Treasury are doubtless prone to being eradicated, but it surely’s price explaining how they went for the previous couple of years. Underneath Part 45X, the manufacturing of battery cells qualifies for a credit score of $35 per kilowatt-hour of capability, and the manufacturing of battery modules qualifies for $10 per kilowatt-hour. (Battery cells are containers that chemically retailer power, and they’re organized into modules. Battery packs will be made up of cells or modules.) 

Firms will also be reimbursed 10% of the prices incurred as a result of manufacturing of electrode lively supplies, just like the cathode and anode. The cathode shops lithium when a battery is discharged, and the anode shops lithium when a battery is charging. They’re each parts of a cell and may include supplies like graphite, silicon, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, nickel and cobalt.

Automakers and battery producers have collectively invested and promised to speculate round $112 billion in constructing home cell and module manufacturing. Collectively, these firms promise to ship an annual capability of near 1,200 gigawatt-hours earlier than 2030, if every manufacturing facility reaches most capability. That’s roughly sufficient batteries for 18 million EVs, primarily based on earlier Tesla predictions that say about 100 GWh capability can energy round 1.5 million EVs.

Exterior of the battery sector, the IRA has helped gasoline a complete $245 billion in personal funding into clear power and know-how manufacturing, in keeping with Atlas Public Coverage’s Clear Financial system Tracker. 

The funding into producing batteries within the U.S. and Canada modifications commonly, so we’ve began monitoring these guarantees.

Automakers investing in home battery manufacturing

TechCrunch created a useful map displaying the placement of every battery manufacturing facility plus some primary data, together with deliberate capability. For these on the lookout for extra particulars and context, scroll right down to examine every producer’s deliberate or operational battery factories. Or click on on a location on the map for a pop-up to look. 

Observe: The factories included under are producing or will produce battery cells and modules. We didn’t embody issues like battery supplies manufacturing. Due to this fact, it isn’t an exhaustive record of all of the manufacturing going into creating EV batteries in North America. 

The place are the EV batteries being produced in North America?

This text was initially revealed August 16, 2023, and was final up to date February 6, 2025.

BMW

In October 2022, BMW introduced a $1.7 billion funding within the U.S. that will see its Spartanburg, South Carolina, plant readied for the manufacturing of EVs. Of the whole funding, $700 million was allotted to the buildout of a battery meeting facility in close by Woodruff. The automaker instructed TechCrunch that the beginning of manufacturing is scheduled for the top of 2026, but it surely hasn’t confirmed which EVs can be produced there. BMW’s Spartanburg manufacturing facility is at the moment the place its sports activities utility and crossovers are constructed, together with the X3, X4, X5, X6, X7 and XM.

BMW additionally partnered up with battery maker AESC (previously Envision AESC) to speculate further funds in a battery cell plant in Florence, South Carolina (extra on that within the AESC part). The AESC plant will produce BMW’s new sixth-generation spherical lithium-ion battery cells for Plant Spartanburg EVs. Groundbreaking on each the Woodruff and Florence amenities occurred in June.

Daimler, Paccar, Accelera, EVE Vitality

In September 2023, Daimler Truck and Paccar introduced a three way partnership with power know-how firm Accelera and Chinese language battery maker EVE Vitality to construct a battery cell manufacturing plant that will assist the adoption of EVs for medium- and heavy-duty industrial transportation. The businesses mentioned in January 2024 that they chose a web site in Mississippi.  

Accelera, Daimler and Paccar will every personal 30% of the mixed firm, referred to as Amplify Cell Applied sciences, and collectively management the enterprise, which is able to concentrate on lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery tech. EVE will function a know-how supplier, contributing its battery cell design and manufacturing experience in alternate for 10% of possession. 

Ford

In September 2021, Ford created a three way partnership (JV) with South Korean battery maker SK On. The aim of the JV, referred to as BlueOval SK, is to construct three battery crops in america. Two are situated in Kentucky; the third manufacturing facility in Tennessee can be co-located with a Ford meeting plant, which is able to produce the automaker’s second-generation electrical truck, code named Mission T3.

Ford and SK On secured a $9.2 billion mortgage from the U.S. Division of Vitality to assist finance the development of the three battery factories in Kentucky and Tennessee. Whereas one of many Kentucky crops is scheduled to start manufacturing in 2025, the second plant’s manufacturing has been paused as Ford retains a watch on shopper demand for EVs.

Ford can be constructing a lithium-iron-phosphate plant in Michigan. Chinese language battery maker CATL is licensing its know-how to Ford as a service supplier on a contractual foundation. That may change sooner or later, although, as Ford has now attracted the ire of Home Republicans who’re probing the automaker’s relationship with the Chinese language battery firm. In November 2023, Ford made the choice to reduce funding in its Michigan plant from $3.5 billion right down to $2 billion amid slower-than-expected demand for EVs, which suggests a 43% drop in manufacturing capability and diminished anticipated employment. 

Normal Motors

Normal Motors goals to have three complete battery crops within the U.S. by means of its three way partnership with LG Vitality Options, which was named Ultium Cells till October 2024. That three way partnership secured in December 2022 a $2.5 billion mortgage from the federal government to assist fund its battery manufacturing facility initiatives.

Not solely has GM dropped the model identify Ultium, but it surely additionally plans to undertake lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery know-how to cut back the price of its EVs by “as much as $6,000,” GM’s VP of batteries Kurt Kelly mentioned on the automaker’s investor day. The Ultium platform makes use of the extra widespread nickel cobalt manganese recipe.

GM additionally mentioned throughout its October 2024 investor day that it might construct a new battery cell growth heart in Warren, Michigan, with begin of manufacturing focused for early 2027.

LG isn’t the one battery maker GM is working with. The automaker in April 2023 introduced a JV with Samsung SDI to construct a new battery plant in america.

Other than quantity manufacturing, GM has additionally partnered with startup SolidEnergy Methods in 2021 to construct a prototyping facility in Woburn, Massachusetts. The aim is to construct a high-capacity, pre-production lithium-ion battery this 12 months.

GM is engaged on taking management of the battery supplies provide chain, as effectively. In March 2022, the corporate partnered with South Korea’s Posco Chemical to construct a $400 million battery supplies facility in Canada. The plant will produce cathode lively supplies. GM introduced in February 2024 a cope with LG Chem that will see the automaker investing $19 billion over the subsequent decade to supply vital supplies from LG Chem’s Tennessee plant. 

Honda

In August 2022, Honda introduced its three way partnership with South Korea’s LG Vitality Options to produce the North American market with “pouch kind” battery cells. The power in Ohio will produce each cells and modules.

The automaker has additionally made strides to safe battery useful resource recycling channels and has agreements with companies, together with Ascend Parts, Cirba Options and Posco Holdings.

Honda’s engine plant in Anna, Ohio, can be within the means of being retooled so as to add manufacturing of casing for battery modules that can energy Honda and Acura EVs made in Ohio.

Hyundai

In April 2023, Hyundai and SK On authorised plans to arrange a three way partnership to construct a $5 billion battery plant in Bartow County, Georgia. Inside just a few months, Hyundai and LG Vitality Answer shaped one other JV to construct a battery cell manufacturing facility close to Savannah, Georgia, that can assist the manufacturing of 300,000 models of EVs yearly as soon as the plant reaches mass manufacturing. The automaker mentioned Hyundai Mobis, Hyundai’s components and repair arm, will assemble battery packs utilizing cells from the plant.

Hyundai Mobis in 2022 additionally introduced plans to construct an EV battery module plant in Alabama that can be capable of provide greater than 200,000 EV batteries yearly to its guardian firm as soon as the plant reaches full capability.

Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz opened a battery plant at its present manufacturing facility in Alabama in 2022. That summer season, the plant additionally turned the manufacturing web site for the automaker’s totally electrical EQS SUV. The Alabama facility can be assembling the EQE SUV, with the Maybach EQS SUV to observe this 12 months, in keeping with a spokesperson from the corporate.

Mercedes can be working with Sila, a next-gen battery supplies firm, to include Sila’s battery chemistry into batteries as an choice for consumers of the upcoming G-Class. Sila replaces the graphite in a battery cell with silicon and is within the means of scaling up at its new Washington state facility. The businesses are concentrating on mid-decade for a range-extended model of the G-class.

Stellantis

Stellantis and Samsung SDI commenced building on their joint-venture EV battery facility in Indiana in March 2023. The manufacturing facility will produce each lithium-ion cells and modules.

The corporate introduced in July 2023 it might construct a second battery manufacturing facility with Samsung, which is able to open in early 2027. In October, Stellantis shared extra particulars. 

Stellantis, which incorporates manufacturers Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Jeep and Ram, additionally introduced a three way partnership with LG Vitality Answer in 2021, referred to as NextStar Vitality, to construct a North American manufacturing facility with an annual capability of 40 GWh. In March 2022, the 2 firms introduced a binding settlement to speculate (CAD $5 billion) $3.7 billion to provide cells and modules at a producing plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

Tesla

Since starting manufacturing at Gigafactory Nevada in 2017, Tesla has produced greater than 7.3 billion battery cells and 1.5 million battery packs, which offer about 39 GWh capability yearly, in keeping with Panasonic.

Tesla in January 2023 introduced plans to speculate billions extra into the Nevada manufacturing facility to incorporate a brand new 4680 cell manufacturing facility with capability to provide sufficient batteries for 1.5 million light-duty automobiles yearly. The 4680 cells, which had been designed by Tesla and revealed at Battery Day 2020, are supposed to scale back battery value by over 50%. Tesla has been attempting to get the cells to quantity manufacturing over the previous few years however has run into roadblocks. A latest report from The Info reveals that Elon Musk could should depend on outdoors suppliers for batteries quickly if the 4680 staff doesn’t make headway. 

At first of 2023, Tesla additionally laid out plans to develop its present Gigafactory Austin to incorporate battery cell testing and the manufacture of cathode and drive models, however hasn’t shared extra particulars on these plans.

In Might 2023, Tesla broke floor on a Texas lithium refinery, making it one of many solely U.S. automakers to refine its personal lithium. The automaker mentioned it might spend $375 million on the Corpus Christi manufacturing facility that can have a capability of fifty GWh, with manufacturing slated to start in 2025.  

Toyota

Toyota’s deliberate battery plant in North Carolina, initially introduced in 2021, will produce each cells and modules, in keeping with the corporate. In late October 2023, Toyota introduced that it might make investments billions extra into the manufacturing facility. When it comes on-line, it’ll have 10 manufacturing traces to assist each hybrid and EVs. 

In February, 2025, Toyota introduced that its North Carolina plant is able to start manufacturing and can begin delivery batteries for North American electrified automobiles in April.

Toyota has additionally enlisted the assistance of South Korean battery maker LG Vitality Answer, which is able to solely construct EV batteries for the Japanese automaker out of its Michigan plant (extra on that under.)

The Japanese automaker can be constructing a battery lab at its North American analysis and growth headquarters in Michigan, the place it may possibly develop and consider the standard of its EV batteries. The $48 million lab is anticipated to start operations in 2025, and it’ll assist the corporate’s manufacturing at factories in North Carolina and Kentucky.

Volkswagen

In July 2022, Volkswagen arrange a separate battery firm, PowerCo SE, to construct batteries for its upcoming EVs. Since its launch, the corporate has selected the placement of three cell factories: Two in Europe (Salzgitter, Germany, and Valencia, Spain) and one in North America (St. Thomas, Canada). PowerCo expects to generate an annual income of over 20 billion euros by 2030.

Whereas VW’s battery manufacturing facility is in Canada and never technically within the U.S., it ought to nonetheless be eligible to obtain Inflation Discount Act incentives.

Volvo

Volvo has a battery meeting manufacturing facility in Charleston, South Carolina, however the automaker doesn’t manufacture batteries or battery parts there. Volvo wouldn’t affirm another plans it has for battery manufacturing in North America.

Battery producers constructing in North America

AESC

AESC (previously Envision AESC) is a Japanese battery know-how firm that has promised to construct  three U.S. amenities earlier than the top of the last decade. The corporate’s Tennessee plant has been in operation for a while. AESC broke floor at its Kentucky and South Carolina crops in August 2022 and June 2023, respectively. In March this 12 months, AESC mentioned it might develop its South Carolina operations, bringing complete funding within the challenge as much as $3.12 billion.

Gotion

Gotion Inc., which is headquartered in Silicon Valley and owned by Chinese language firm Gotion Excessive-Tech, first introduced its intent to construct a battery manufacturing facility in Michigan in October 2022. The manufacturing facility, which secured $175 million in state funds in April 2023, aimed to construct each cathode and anodes that might be used for each EVs and photo voltaic mills, in keeping with a spokesperson from the corporate. Nonetheless, Gotion has confronted pushback from locals. The township’s board voted to reverse a beforehand authorised plan to increase the town’s water provide to the placement of the manufacturing facility. In March, Gotion filed a lawsuit in opposition to the city, which is ongoing. 

Whereas the Michigan manufacturing facility is clearly on maintain, Gotion has one other one within the works. In September 2023, Gotion additionally introduced plans to arrange a second battery manufacturing plant in Illinois. The corporate is on the receiving finish of state incentives valued at $536 million and expects to obtain tax advantages totaling $213 million over $30 years, so long as Gotion invests a minimal of $1.9 billion and the creation of hundreds of well-paid jobs. 

Kore Energy

Battery cell and module developer Kore Energy introduced in March that it had acquired approval to construct a battery manufacturing manufacturing facility in Buckeye, Arizona. Kore Energy will produce batteries for power storage methods and e-mobility merchandise, together with vehicles, vans, buses, boats and trains. The corporate instructed TechCrunch it intends to assist OEMs by manufacturing 30D-compliant batteries, so Kore is working carefully with home companions to line up vital supplies suppliers onshore.  

LG Vitality Answer

South Korea’s LG Vitality Answer provides EV batteries to automakers like Tesla, Lucid Motors, Toyota and Proterra. The battery maker has joint ventures to construct battery factories with Normal Motors, Honda, Hyundai and Stellantis.

In early 2023, LG mentioned it might quintuple the capability of its present lithium-ion cell plant in Michigan, which was inbuilt 2010, as a part of a cope with Toyota LG’s Holland manufacturing facility makes giant polymer battery cells, or pouch kind cells, and packs for EVs. The expanded plant will produce new lengthy cell design batteries, which LG says ought to add extra vary, higher storage, and a extra simplified pack construction.

The battery maker additionally mentioned it might quadruple its deliberate funding in a brand new manufacturing facility in Arizona to $5.5 billion, a big portion of which can be devoted to EV battery manufacturing. The complicated can have two manufacturing amenities — one devoted to cylindrical batteries for EVs and one other for lithium iron phosphate pouch-type batteries for power storage methods.

In August 2023, LG introduced a constructing spree in North America, with plans to spend as much as $17 billion by means of 2025 on setting up a complete of eight factories (two of that are already operational) with greater than 300 GWh capability. LG has not but shared particulars on every plant. 

LG’s guardian firm, LG Chem, individually broke floor on a Tennessee plant that can produce cathode materials in December 2023. LG plans to speculate $3.2 billion in that plant with the aim of manufacturing 60,000 tons of cathode materials at peak manufacturing. GM has signed on as a buyer, pledging $19 billion.  

Northvolt

Northvolt, a Swedish producer of lithium-ion batteries, introduced in late September 2023 plans to open its first gigafactory in North America. The corporate had reportedly been evaluating between North America or Germany for its subsequent gigafactory, and the previous received out as a result of incentives within the IRA. 

The challenge is anticipated to value simply over $7 billion, with Northvolt bringing in $3.2 billion and native and federal governments contributing round $4.2 billion. The growth is off the again of a $1.2 billion elevate, backed by BlackRock.

Northvolt instructed TechCrunch it has an “offtake settlement with an anchor buyer,” which means a purchaser for its cells, however wouldn’t disclose the identify of the corporate.

The manufacturing facility will even function Revolt, Northvolt’s battery recycling program, which can have a capability of 15 GWh. Northvolt instructed TechCrunch it hopes to recycle half of the uncooked supplies wanted for cell manufacturing by 2030.

Our Subsequent Vitality

Battery startup Our Subsequent Vitality (ONE) introduced plans in October 2022 to construct a gigafactory in Michigan dedicated to lithium-iron-phosphate cells, AKA LFP batteries. The power, which is supported by a $200 million grant from the state of Michigan, will embody uncooked materials refinement, cathode supplies manufacturing, and cell and battery manufacturing.

To that finish, the corporate in February 2023 raised a $300 million Sequence B to assist get it to manufacturing.

Panasonic

Panasonic mentioned in July 2022 that it plans to construct the world’s largest EV battery plant, a $4 billion manufacturing facility in Kansas that can manufacture and provide lithium-ion batteries to EV makers. The power in De Soto can be Panasonic’s second EV battery plant within the U.S., after the Panasonic Vitality of North America (PENA) facility in Sparks, Nevada, which operates inside Tesla’s Nevada Gigafactory and provides the EV maker with batteries.

Panasonic mentioned in June 2023 that it plans to develop manufacturing at PENA by 10% inside three years. Across the similar time, the Japanese firm mentioned it might construct not less than two new factories for the manufacturing of Tesla 4680 battery cells in North America by 2030. Nonetheless, in January, Panasonic’s CEO Yuki Kusumi mentioned the battery enterprise will concentrate on boosting productiveness over constructing one other battery manufacturing facility. 

SK Battery America

South Korean battery producer SK On has created joint ventures to develop batteries with Ford and Hyundai. The corporate’s U.S. subsidiary, SK Battery America, has its personal plans.

SK Battery America has invested $2.6 billion into two manufacturing crops in Jackson County, Georgia, and reached mass manufacturing in early 2022.